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New Brain Computer Interface Technical Questions 2011

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Latest Computer Network Interview Questions 2011

Latest Computer Network Interview Questions 2011

1. What is mean by data communication?

Data communication is the exchange of data (in the form of 1s and 0s) between

two devices via some form of transmission medium (such as a wire cable).

2. What are the three criteria necessary for an effective and efficient network?

The most important criteria are performance, reliability and security.

Performance of the network depends on number of users, type of transmission

medium, the capabilities of the connected h/w and the efficiency of the s/w.

Reliability is measured by frequency of failure, the time it takes a link to recover

from the failure and the network’s robustness in a catastrophe.

Security issues include protecting data from unauthorized access and viruses.

3. What are the three fundamental characteristics determine the effectiveness

of the data communication system?

The effectiveness of the data communication system depends on three

fundamental characteristics:

Delivery: The system must deliver data to the correct destination.

Accuracy: The system must deliver data accurately.

Timeliness: The system must deliver data in a timely manner.

4. What are the advantages of distributed processing?

Advantages of distributed processing include security/encapsulation, distributed

databases, faster problem solving, security through redundancy and collaborative

processing.

5. Why are protocols needed?

In networks, communication occurs between the entities in different systems. Two

entities cannot just send bit streams to each other and expect to be understood. For

communication, the entities must agree on a protocol. A protocol is a set of rules that

govern data communication.

6. Why are standards needed?

Co-ordination across the nodes of a network is necessary for an efficient

communication. If there are no standards, difficulties arise. A standard provides a

model or basis for development to which everyone has agreed.

7. For n devices in a network, what is the number of cable links required for a

mesh and ring topology?

Mesh topology – n (n-1)/2

Ring topology – n

8. What is the difference between a passive and an active hub?

An active hub contains a repeater that regenerates the received bit patterns before

sending them out. A passive hub provides a simple physical connection between the

attached devices.

9. Distinguish between peer-to-peer relationship and a primary-secondary

relationship.

Peer-to-peer relationship: All the devices share the link equally.

Primary-secondary relationship: One device controls traffic and the others must

transmit through it.

10. Assume 6 devices are arranged in a mesh topology. How many cables are

needed? How many ports are needed for each device?

Number of cables=n (n-1)/2=6(6-1)/2=15

Number of ports per device=n-1=6-1=5

11. Group the OSI layers by function.

The seven layers of the OSI model belonging to three subgroups. Physical, data

link and network layers are the network support layers; they deal with the physical

aspects of moving data from one device to another. Session, presentation and

application layers are the user support layers; they allow interoperability among

unrelated software systems. The transport layer ensures end-to-end reliable data

transmission.

12. What are header and trailers and how do they get added and removed?

Each layer in the sending machine adds its own information to the message it

receives from the layer just above it and passes the whole package to the layer just

below it. This information is added in the form of headers or trailers. Headers are

added to the message at the layers 6,5,4,3, and 2. A trailer is added at layer2. At the

receiving machine, the headers or trailers attached to the data unit at the

corresponding sending layers are removed, and actions appropriate to that layer are

taken.

13. The transport layer creates a communication between the source and destination. What are the three events involved in a connection?

Creating a connection involves three steps: connection establishment, data

transfer and connection release.

14. What is the DC component?

Direct current is a zero-frequency signal with constant amplitude.

15. How does NRZ-L differ from NRZ-I?

In the NRZ-L sequence, positive and negative voltages have specific meanings:

positive for 0 and negative for 1. in the NRZ-I sequence, the voltages are

meaningless. Instead, the receiver looks for changes from one level to another as its

basis for recognition of 1s.

Latest Computer Network Interview Questions 2011

Top Universities in US for Computer Science - Best Schools in USA

These are the Standard Universities For Computer Science in US.These are the Top 10 & 20 University rankings about Computer Science in US.

1. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2. Stanford University
3. University of California, Berkeley
4. Carnegie Mellon University
5. University of Illinois, Urbana, Champaign
6. Cornell University
7. Princeton University
8. University of Washington
9. Georgia Institute of Technology
10. University of Texas, Austin
11. California Institute of Technology
12. University of Wisconsin, Madison
13. University of California, Los Angeles
14. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
15. Columbia University
16. Harvard University
17. University of California, San Diego
18. Purdue University, West Lafayette
19. Brown University
20. Duke University
21. Rice University
22. University of Massachusetts, Amherst
23. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
24. University of Pennsylvania
25. University of Southern California
26. Yale University
27. Johns Hopkins University
28. Pennsylvania State University, University Park
29. University of Virginia
30. New York University
31. Ohio State University
32. Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick
33. SUNY, Stony Brook
34. University of California, Irvine
35. University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
36. University of California, Davis
37. University of California, Santa Barbara
38. Northwestern University
39. University of Arizona
40. University of Chicago
41. University of Colorado, Boulder
42. University of Florida
43. University of Utah
44. Washington University in St. Louis
45. Texas A&M University, College Station
46. Virginia Tech
47. Boston University
48. Dartmouth College
49. Indiana University, Bloomington
50. North Carolina State University
51. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
52. University of Pittsburgh
53. University of Rochester
54. Arizona State University
55. Michigan State University
56. University at Buffalo, SUNY
57. University of California, Santa Cruz
58. University of Illinois, Chicago
59. Vanderbilt University
60. Iowa State University
61. Northeastern University
62. University of Iowa
63. University of Tennessee, Knoxville
64. CUNY Graduate School and University Center
65. Case Western Reserve University
66. George Mason University
67. Syracuse University
68. University of California, Riverside
69. University of Notre Dame
70. University of Oregon
71. Brandeis University
72. Oregon State University
73. Polytechnic University
74. University of Maryland, Baltimore County
75. University of Texas, Dallas
Top Universities in US for Computer Science - Best Schools in USA

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Simple Way to Connect Microphone With A Personal Computer (PC)

Here are the simplest way to connect microphone with a personal computer for recording musics,sounds,songs,audios,voice reorganization,voice chatting and so on. Generally mics are coming along with head phones and that is costlier, which is above 50 INR. And also those who have speakers alone they also can follow this way to connect a mic with the personal computer. This method is very cheapest method it will cost approximately 10 INR.

The first thing you should have to know is what type of microphone we are going to use. So let's see the types of microphones :

• Condenser microphone
• Dynamic microphone
• Ribbon microphone
• Carbon microphone
• Piezoelectric microphone
• Laser microphone
• Fiber optic microphone
• Liquid microphone
• MEMS microphone

Above listed microphone have their own advantages and disadvantages. We are going to use “Condenser microphone” to connect with a personal computer.So why we are using this type of microphone means, cheaper,long durability and good sensitivity. The condenser microphone has the sensitivity to observe sound energy around 10 meters. Condenser microphone is very small in size and also used in hearing aid.These type of microphones are available in electronic component stores.

Working of condenser microphone:

Condenser microphone works as an variable capacitor. In which one plate of the capacitor is placed without moving condition and another plate is placed as a movable one like a diaphragm. As the capacitance varies in te microphone according to the sound waves strikes the diapragm of the condenser microphone.

Procedure to connect the microphone:

The condenser microphone has two leads the one is connected to the enclosure of the microphone and the other one is located back side of the microphone .Connect these two leads with the co-axial cable with a connector pin to plug the pin in the personal computer. The wires are connected by using soldering iron and paste some resin on the connection , so that the wires can not be pulled to disconnect. Make sure that the two leads are separately soldered.The condenser microphone also have a dust cover on it. If you want additional dust protecting cover ,then you have to make it as own or search in the stores.

After the wire connections are made with the cable paste the microphone in top canter position of your PC monitor. Plug the cable to the mic input of your CPU.

Testing the microphone:

To test the microphone just open a sound recorder and click the recording button in it. Just speak some thing in front of the mic. After speaking click the stop button and to hear the recorded sound just click the play button.

Note:

For better recording performance change the property of the mic in the volume property control.

Simple Way to Connect Microphone With A Personal Computer (PC)

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Advantages of Automatic Process

The human has evolved right from the origin as an animal and moved on to the homosapiens now, after many evolutions for several centuries. The next age will be the cybernetic age which has copious advantages.Men who are ailing by nervous disorders like stroke can also do their daily works.The Adroit limbs can automate the company they work in to convert it to an automated one. Adroit limbs increase the production of a company and it also reduces the amount of human resource required by a company.Persons ailing from physical ailments like paralysis can improve their living by this technology.This technology definitely is a boon to industries & handicapped community. It really metamorphoses the human community.

Application Cybernetic Network

Adroit limb has a diversified application over a colossal field like medical science, industries and day to day activities. Cyborg can be used for those who are ailing from many abnormalities.People suffering from nervous disorders can be helped by connecting them through a Cyborg network along with a robot to assist them. The Cyborg network can also assist people suffering from stroke.Replacing the affected organ with a robotic organ making him a cybernetic human being can also help people who had been amputed off their organs.A cybernetic human being can perform various tasks even though he is ailing from body disorders.People who have become handicapped due to stroke or any accidents can also be benefited from this technological evolution.This technology can also be used with eye disorders.Thus the applications enunciate that the entire human beings are benefited. This proves that those who are suffering from physical ailments can perform their task just like a normal person does.

Working Process in Computer, Printed Circuit Board(PCB) and Brain

Brain is the master organ in every living being. It co-ordinates every action. The way we speak, walk, talk and eat all depends on the lead that brain gives. Nothing is outside the action of the administration of the brain. Hence brain keeps a tight rein on every part of the body. The interfacing gadget is placed beneath the skin and above the muscle. The conducting band is wrapped around the synapses. The electrical signal from the synapses passes through the band and energizes the copper coil connected to it. The copper coil is preferred because it is a good conductor and also it produces current when energized and also it is very cheap.For the first time the signal received may be considered as the reference. Hence the first signal is recorded under the human guidance, designated for a particular work. When a similar thought is made the similar signal appears at computer end. Now the computer compares it with the reference. If the signals match, the designated work is done or else it will be recorded.

What is the Purpose of Glass

• Glass has proved rigid most of the time.
• Glass is inert, so it does not prove fatal.
• Glass does not block radio waves.

Uses of Interface Device Tools For Trapping Signals

The interfacing device or gadget is a tool used for trapping the signals and transmitting them to the externally connected control system. Interfacing device has PCB encased inside a glass tube. The power supply to the tube is an electrical signal from our body. The nerve impulses are the source for these electrical signals.The gadget has a PCB, copper coil, amplifier, connecting wires and a conducting band. The band is wrapped around the synapses which produces electrical signal. The band conducts the electrical signal to the copper coil thereby energizing the copper coil. The coil now produces electric current. The PCB's connected at the other end of the copper coil is activated. This PCB now produces voltage according to the impulse received. Voltage can be produced using a microelectrode or a micropipette. The voltage range of the brain impulse is 2 – 200 microvolt. This is given to the transmitter device.

Cybernetics Machines Profile

Cybernetics is nothing but linking of human thoughts with that of cybernetic machine. Thus we are controlling the machine just through thoughts. Cybernetics is thus the commingling of the most difficult work of thinking to the most effective tool to execute it, the machine. In a nutshell it may be stated that just by thinking we could make a machine work.Brain is source of all thoughts. This principle organ produces impulses that are of constant amplitude and that are a pulse modulated wave. These impulse passes through the nerves. The nerve acts like a transmission line and does not alter the impulse. But the synapses, a fiber like structure present at nerve end converts it to other form like integrated, amplified signal etc.,.Our aim is to use these synapses for tapping the signal en route. The synapses are a fine hair like structure. A sensor placed at this juncture can receive the signal from the synapses. From the synapses these sensors take control of the entire process. these sensors command the externally placed computer to act according to the signal received. Then the computer may take control over any system. For instance, if I would like to switch on a light from the next room, without any switches or gadgets in between then being a cybernetic human I may think to switch on the light. The thought signals will activate the sensor in turn controlling the computer to do the desired job.